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High purity silica sand manufacturers

I have found results from400+products and200+suppliers aboutHigh purity silica sand

Lianyungang Hengpeng Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd.mic-icon
Satisfies 2/2 of your requirements
High Purity Silica Sand for Artificial Quartz Stone Slabs

High Purity Silica Sand for Artificial Quartz Stone Slabs

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Silica Sand for Photovoltaic/ Chemical/ Glass/ Quartz Slab Solar Grade

High Purity Silica Sand for Photovoltaic/ Chemical/ Glass/ Quartz Slab Solar Grade

US$200.00-400.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Industrial Applications

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Industrial Applications

US$70.00-150.00
1 Piece(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Enhanced Glass Manufacturing Needs

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Enhanced Glass Manufacturing Needs

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Water Filter/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Water Filter/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

US$50.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Semiconductor Industry

High-Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Semiconductor Industry

US$80.00-160.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Low Price Quartz Silica Sand for Glass/ Construction

High Purity Low Price Quartz Silica Sand for Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Good Hardness High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

Good Hardness High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

US$100.00-200.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Good Hardness High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Water Filter/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

Good Hardness High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Water Filter/ Glass/ Swimming Pool/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Ultra High Purity Quartz Silica Sand 99.99% Sio2 for Industrial Use

Ultra High Purity Quartz Silica Sand 99.99% Sio2 for Industrial Use

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity Engineered Stone Quartz Surface Raw Material Silica Sand for Artificial Slabs

High-Purity Engineered Stone Quartz Surface Raw Material Silica Sand for Artificial Slabs

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity Silica Sand for Foundry Metal Casting Molding Refractory Material

High-Purity Silica Sand for Foundry Metal Casting Molding Refractory Material

US$40.00-100.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Factory Price High Purity White Color Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

Factory Price High Purity White Color Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

US$150.00-300.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Stable Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Construction

High Purity Stable Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Low Price Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Aritifical Stone/ Glass/ Slab

High Purity Low Price Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Aritifical Stone/ Glass/ Slab

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Low Price Stable Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Glass/ Construction

High Purity Low Price Stable Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Top-Selling High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Photovoltaic/ Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

Top-Selling High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Photovoltaic/ Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Hot-Selling High Purity White Color Silica Quartz Sand for Glass/ Construction

Hot-Selling High Purity White Color Silica Quartz Sand for Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Hot-Selling High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

Hot-Selling High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized Hot-Selling High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Photovoltaic

Customized Hot-Selling High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Photovoltaic

US$100.00-200.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Good Hardness High Purity Low Price Silica Quartz Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Construction

Good Hardness High Purity Low Price Silica Quartz Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

Customized High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Chemical/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Good Hardness High Purity Stable Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Water Filter/ Glass/ Construction

Good Hardness High Purity Stable Quality Silica Quartz Sand for Ceramic/ Coating/ Water Filter/ Glass/ Construction

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Foundry Metal Casting Molding Refractory Material

High-Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Foundry Metal Casting Molding Refractory Material

US$40.00-100.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Swimming Pool Drinking Water Treatment Filter Media

High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Swimming Pool Drinking Water Treatment Filter Media

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Water Treatment Filter

High Purity Silica Quartz Sand for Water Treatment Filter

US$50.00-120.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Ceramics Refractory Foundry Chemical Casting Electronics Solar Grade

High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Ceramics Refractory Foundry Chemical Casting Electronics Solar Grade

US$500.00-700.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
99.5% High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Sale

99.5% High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Sale

US$80.00-160.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Solar PV Industry

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Solar PV Industry

US$80.00-160.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Solar Glass Production

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Solar Glass Production

US$70.00-150.00
1 Piece(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Glass Manufacturing

High Purity Quartz Silica Sand for Glass Manufacturing

US$70.00-150.00
1 Piece(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customizable High-Purity Quartz Silica Sand with Uniform Particle Size

Customizable High-Purity Quartz Silica Sand with Uniform Particle Size

US$80.00-160.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 99.9% Sio2 Silica Sand Quartz

High Purity 99.9% Sio2 Silica Sand Quartz

US$70.00-150.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Fused Silica Powder Sand for Ceramics Refractory Chemical Photovoltaic Electronics Optical

High Purity Fused Silica Powder Sand for Ceramics Refractory Chemical Photovoltaic Electronics Optical

US$500.00-700.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Fused Silica Powder Sand for Refracatory Chemical Photovoltaic Electronics Solar

High Purity Fused Silica Powder Sand for Refracatory Chemical Photovoltaic Electronics Solar

US$500.00-700.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Xuzhou Sainuo Quartz Co., Ltd.mic-icon
Satisfies 2/2 of your requirements
High Purity 99.95% Sio2 White Fused Silica Sand

High Purity 99.95% Sio2 White Fused Silica Sand

US$500.00-600.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
50-100 Mesh Fused Silica Sand with High Purity Sio2 99.95%

50-100 Mesh Fused Silica Sand with High Purity Sio2 99.95%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Premium Customized High Purity 4-20 Mesh Fused Silica Sand

Premium Customized High Purity 4-20 Mesh Fused Silica Sand

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Premium Customized High Purity Quartz Fused Silica Sand

Premium Customized High Purity Quartz Fused Silica Sand

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 40-70 Mesh White Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

High Purity 40-70 Mesh White Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Premium Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

Premium Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Fused Silica Sand 10-20 Mesh for Industrial Use

High Purity Fused Silica Sand 10-20 Mesh for Industrial Use

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand 4-20 Mesh as Refractory Material

Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand 4-20 Mesh as Refractory Material

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity Quartz 100-200 Mesh White Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99.8%

Customized High Purity Quartz 100-200 Mesh White Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99.8%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand/Powder with Sio2 99.8%

Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand/Powder with Sio2 99.8%

US$450.00-700.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Grade a Customized High Purity Quartz 1-0.5mm White Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99.9%

Grade a Customized High Purity Quartz 1-0.5mm White Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99.9%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 5-3mm Fused Silica Sand for Precision Casting

High Purity 5-3mm Fused Silica Sand for Precision Casting

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity White Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Applications

High-Purity White Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Applications

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity 10-20mm Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

High-Purity 10-20mm Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity A Grade Fused Silica Sand 5-3mm with Sio2 99.9%

High Purity A Grade Fused Silica Sand 5-3mm with Sio2 99.9%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 99% Sio2 Fused Silica Sand for Refractory Use

High Purity 99% Sio2 Fused Silica Sand for Refractory Use

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand 1-0mm with Best Price

Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand 1-0mm with Best Price

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity White/Transparent Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99.5% for Quartz Nozzle

High Purity White/Transparent Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99.5% for Quartz Nozzle

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Sio2 99.8% Quartz Lump & Fused Silica Sand 10-20mm with High Purity

Sio2 99.8% Quartz Lump & Fused Silica Sand 10-20mm with High Purity

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Customized Fused Silica Sand 1-0.5mm with High Purity Sio2 99.5%

Customized Fused Silica Sand 1-0.5mm with High Purity Sio2 99.5%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity 20-50 Mesh Fused Silica Sand

Customized High Purity 20-50 Mesh Fused Silica Sand

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity 10-20mm Fused Silica Sand for Quartz Nozzles

High-Purity 10-20mm Fused Silica Sand for Quartz Nozzles

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Industrial Use

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand&Powder for Fine Casting

Customized High Purity Fused Silica Sand&Powder for Fine Casting

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
A Grade 20-50 Mesh Fused Silica Sand High Purity Sio2.99.8%

A Grade 20-50 Mesh Fused Silica Sand High Purity Sio2.99.8%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customized High Purity 20-50 Mesh Fused Silica Powder/Sand

Customized High Purity 20-50 Mesh Fused Silica Powder/Sand

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Premium 99.95% High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Sale

Premium 99.95% High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Sale

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Super Fine 4-10 Mesh Fused Silica Sand with High Purity Sio2 99.95%

Super Fine 4-10 Mesh Fused Silica Sand with High Purity Sio2 99.95%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 4-10 Mesh A Grade Fused Silica Sand with 99.95% Sio2

High Purity 4-10 Mesh A Grade Fused Silica Sand with 99.95% Sio2

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 99.9% Sio2 Fused Silica Sand 0.5-0.2mm

High Purity 99.9% Sio2 Fused Silica Sand 0.5-0.2mm

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
A Grade 3-1mm Fused Silica Sand with High Purity for Precision Casting

A Grade 3-1mm Fused Silica Sand with High Purity for Precision Casting

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
A Grade 4-20 Mesh Fused Silica Sand with High Purity Sio2 99.95% as Refractory Material

A Grade 4-20 Mesh Fused Silica Sand with High Purity Sio2 99.95% as Refractory Material

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Premium High Purity Fused Silica Sand 4-20 Mesh 99.95% Sio2

Premium High Purity Fused Silica Sand 4-20 Mesh 99.95% Sio2

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Fused Silica Sand 50-100 Mesh Sio2 99.8%

High Purity Fused Silica Sand 50-100 Mesh Sio2 99.8%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Sio2 99.95% High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Refractory Materials From Sainuo Quartz

Sio2 99.95% High Purity Fused Silica Sand for Refractory Materials From Sainuo Quartz

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
High Purity Fused Quartz Particles 5-3mm Silica Sand From China

High Purity Fused Quartz Particles 5-3mm Silica Sand From China

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Customized High Purity Quartz 1-0mm Transparent/White Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99%

Customized High Purity Quartz 1-0mm Transparent/White Fused Silica Sand Sio2 99%

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Good Quality for All Size Fused Silica Sand with High Purity

Good Quality for All Size Fused Silica Sand with High Purity

US$450.00-550.00
1 Ton(MOQ)
Sample Available
Guangxi Hongye Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd.mic-icon
Satisfies 2/2 of your requirements
High Purity Silica Sand for Cleanroom Flooring Systems 99.70% Sio2 Quartz Sand 40-200mesh

High Purity Silica Sand for Cleanroom Flooring Systems 99.70% Sio2 Quartz Sand 40-200mesh

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity Silica Sand for Warehouse Flooring Systems, 99.70% Sio2 Quartz Sand

High-Purity Silica Sand for Warehouse Flooring Systems, 99.70% Sio2 Quartz Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity 99.7% Silica Wear Resistant Flooring Quartz Sand

High Purity 99.7% Silica Wear Resistant Flooring Quartz Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Silica Cleanroom Quartz Sand

High Purity Silica Cleanroom Quartz Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
80-140 Mesh Quartz Sand, Industrial Solar Grade High Purity Silica Sand

80-140 Mesh Quartz Sand, Industrial Solar Grade High Purity Silica Sand

US$300.00-330.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Silica Sand ≥99.60% Sio2, High Purity Quartz Sand for Bottle Manufacturing Custom Packaging Available

Silica Sand ≥99.60% Sio2, High Purity Quartz Sand for Bottle Manufacturing Custom Packaging Available

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Industrial Grade Silica Sand, High Purity Quartz Sand with Sio2 ≥99 70%

Industrial Grade Silica Sand, High Purity Quartz Sand with Sio2 ≥99 70%

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
99.70% Sio2 Glass Grade Quartz Sand, High Purity Silica Sand

99.70% Sio2 Glass Grade Quartz Sand, High Purity Silica Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Glass Grade Silica Sand High Purity Material, ≥99.60% Sio2 Quartz Sand

Glass Grade Silica Sand High Purity Material, ≥99.60% Sio2 Quartz Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
High Purity Quartz Sand & Silica Sand for Rubber Seal Applications 99.00% Sio2

High Purity Quartz Sand & Silica Sand for Rubber Seal Applications 99.00% Sio2

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Multi-Purpose Quartz Sand with High Purity Sio2 ≥99 60%, 30-100mesh Silica Sand

Multi-Purpose Quartz Sand with High Purity Sio2 ≥99 60%, 30-100mesh Silica Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
High-Purity Silica Sand for Anti-Slip Flooring Applications 99.70% Sio2 Quartz Sand 16-60mesh

High-Purity Silica Sand for Anti-Slip Flooring Applications 99.70% Sio2 Quartz Sand 16-60mesh

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Customizable Scratch-Resistant Quartz Sand with Low-Iron and High Purity Silica Sand

Customizable Scratch-Resistant Quartz Sand with Low-Iron and High Purity Silica Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Quartz Sand for Industrial Water Purification Equipment, High Purity Silica Sand

Quartz Sand for Industrial Water Purification Equipment, High Purity Silica Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Quartz Sand for Pressure Sand Filter Systems, High Purity Silica Sand

Quartz Sand for Pressure Sand Filter Systems, High Purity Silica Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Industrial Grade Quartz Sand for Multi-Media Filters, High Purity Silica Sand

Industrial Grade Quartz Sand for Multi-Media Filters, High Purity Silica Sand

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available
Cleanroom Flooring Grade 99.7% High Purity Silica Granules for Quartz Sand Floor System

Cleanroom Flooring Grade 99.7% High Purity Silica Granules for Quartz Sand Floor System

US$100.00-110.00
50 Tons(MOQ)
Sample Available

Sourcing guidance for High Purity Silica Sand

What are the key technical specifications to consider when sourcing High Purity Silica Sand?

When evaluating silica sand, the most critical factor is the SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide) content, which should ideally be above 99.5% for high-end applications. Additionally, you must monitor the levels of impurities such as Fe2O3 (Iron Oxide), which should be less than 0.01% (100ppm) for optical glass or solar panels. Particle size distribution (mesh size) is also vital; ensure the supplier can provide a consistent range, such as 20-100 mesh, to prevent processing issues in your manufacturing line.

How do I verify the quality and compliance of the material for international trade?

You should require a Certificate of Analysis (COA) for every batch and prioritize suppliers who hold ISO 9001:2015 certification. For specific industries like semiconductors or solar energy, ask for third-party testing reports from labs like SGS or Intertek. Ensure the product complies with REACH regulations if exporting to Europe, and verify that the packaging (typically 1-1.5 ton Jumbo Bags) is durable enough to prevent moisture ingress and contamination during sea freight.

What are the primary usage scenarios for different grades of silica sand?

Ultra-high purity grades are essential for photovoltaic (solar) glass, semiconductors, and optical fibers. Medium grades are commonly used in foundry casting, water filtration systems, and high-strength ceramics. Understanding your specific application allows you to balance cost-efficiency and performance, as over-specifying purity can lead to unnecessary procurement costs.

Cross-Border Procurement & Logistics Strategy

What are the common risks in cross-border silica sand purchasing?

The primary risk is quality inconsistency between the sample and the bulk cargo. Because silica sand is a bulk commodity, slight variations in the mining vein can change the chemical composition. To mitigate this, use Trade Assurance services on Made-in-China.com and mandate a pre-shipment inspection (PSI) to verify the SiO2 and Iron content before the balance payment is released.

How should I negotiate pricing and shipping terms with suppliers?

Silica sand is heavy and relatively low-value per ton, making logistics costs a significant portion of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Negotiate based on FOB (Free On Board) terms if you have a reliable freight forwarder, or CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) if you want the supplier to handle the risks to your port. For orders exceeding 500 tons, aim for a volume discount of 10-15%, and always clarify the loading rate per day to avoid demurrage charges at the port.

What are the transaction security tips for high-value bulk orders?

Always conduct transactions through secure payment channels provided by reputable platforms like Made-in-China.com to ensure your funds are protected. Avoid direct wire transfers to private accounts. For long-term partnerships, consider using a Letter of Credit (L/C) for large volumes to ensure that payment is only made upon the presentation of valid shipping documents and quality certificates.

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